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Faculty of Law and Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Helsinki 

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HUMAN-Bio treats law and ethics as part of how the models are designed in the first place. Two of the project's four work packages are devoted to this.

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HUMAN-Law maps the legal and regulatory terrain that non-animal methods have to cross. The work package identifies what genuinely slows the adoption of human-based models, distinguishing hard legal constraints from soft ones and from merely apparent, superficial obstacles that persist out of habit or caution. Alongside this, the work package addresses the questions that human-derived models raise on their own account, including how consent, ownership and benefit-sharing should operate when patient-derived tissue becomes a complex and potentially commercial system.

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Members of HUMAN-Law

· Visa A J Kurki, PhD, Professor of Jurisprudence, Director of the Helsinki Animal Law Centre; lead of HUMAN-Law

· Julia Sundström, LLM, Doctoral Researcher

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HUMAN-Ethos examines the ethical and societal dimensions of human-derived modelling, and the scientific culture that keeps animal models in place as the default standard of evidence. The work package investigates the status and ethical implications of human-derived mode The work also assesses the institutional and societal factors that influence the validation, acceptance, and adoption of new biomedical methods. 

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Members of HUMAN-Ethos

· Tero Ijäs, MA, Doctoral researcher; Lead of HUMAN-Ethos